INTRODUCTION:

Herbs have always been showing a positive effect on the prevention of various diseases to improve health.¹ Mimosa lebbeck L., also known as Acacia lebbeck L. and Mimosa sirissa Roxb, is widely recognized as Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth.² Commonly referred to as Siris, this tree is a large, erect, unarmed deciduous to semi-deciduous and is indigenous to regions such as India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Africa, and Australia.^3,4It is extensively utilized in Ayurvedic medicine and is a notable, rapidly growing, multi-functional tree with extensive traditional applications and confirmed pharmacological benefits. The plant's historical importance is linked to the Sanskrit term Sirisha, which is why it is called "Siris"⁴. Locally, it is also known by names like Koroi and Parrot tree, especially in Bangladesh. It holds significant historical and cultural value as a vital element in Indian traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda and Siddha.¹²A. lebbeck is a fast-growing, drought-resistant species known for its ecological versatility. It features a wide, spreading canopy, dark, rough bark, and feathery, bipinnate leaves. In Ayurveda, Albizzia lebbeck Benth is known as Shirisha and is credited with properties such as Vishaghna (anti-poisonous) and is noted for its effectiveness in treating Visarpa (Erysipelas), Hicca (Hiccup), Shwasa (Breathlessness), Kasa (Cough), and more.⁶¹

Historically, A. lebbeck has been used to treat ulcers, night blindness, respiratory issues, skin diseases, snakebites, piles, leprosy, gonorrhea, scorpion stings, gum problems, cough, and pharyngitis. Traditionally, it has been used for toothache, piles, diarrhoea, gum diseases, bronchial asthma, and allergic disorders^6,7. Decoctions made from its bark and leaves are protective against respiratory and allergic conditions; the bark is anthelmintic, alexiteric, and used for leukoderma, itching, skin diseases, piles, excessive perspiration, erysipelas, bronchitis, and ophthalmia.⁷ The root is used for hemicrania. The plant contains a variety of compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides like anthraquinone glycosides, phenolics like tannins and flavones, lignin, steroids, and triterpenoids. Reviews emphasize its multipurpose nature, serving not only as fodder but also for wood, shade, soil improvement, and environmental restoration. Developing the herbal products clearly elucidate and isolate the active constituents and determine the mechanism based pharmacological activities.^8,62

Taxonomy and Nomenclature:

· Kingdom: Plantae

· Sub-kingdom: Tracheobionta

· Super-division: Spermatophyta

· Division: Magnoliophyte

· Class: Magnoliopsida

· Subclass: Rosidae⁵

· Order: Fabales

· Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

· Subfamily: Mimosoideae/ Caesalpinioideae.

· Genus: Albizia

· Tribe: Ingeae

· Species: A. lebbeck (L.) Benth.⁹

Botanical Description and Morphological Characteristics:

A. lebbeck is a moderate to a large deciduous tree that grows 20–30 meters with 50cm to 1m in diameter in wide range of climate.⁹ The timber, characterized by brown to dark heartwood and large white sapwood.

Morphological Characteristics:

· Tree: Large, deciduous, broad spreading crown.

· Bark: Thick, rough, dark brown to greyish-black, flaky, inner bark is red.

· Stem: green and pubescent when young, turning grey-brown with age.

· Leaves: Bipinnate, feathery, with 2–4pairs of pinnae. Each pinna is 5–10cm long, bearing 3–11 pairs of asymmetric oblong leaflets.

· Leaflets: 1.5–6.5cm long, 0.5–3.5cm wide. Young leaves are nyctinastic (close at night).⁶

· Flowers: Whitish or yellowish-white, fragrant, forming globular heads, dimorphic, puberulent (covered with fine hairs)

· Calyx and Corolla: Funnel-shaped.

· Seeds: Brown, ellipsoidal (4–12 per pod), about 10 × 6–7mm; pleurogram (seed marking) runs parallel to margins.

· Fruit/Pod: Thin, firm, flat, oblongate yellowish-brown pods; about 12–35cm long and 3–6cm wide. Each pod containing 3–12brown, several flat seeds, about 7mm long.

· Climate and moisture: Grows under a wide rainfall range — from as low as ~ 400mm/year to about 2,500mm/year; quite drought-tolerant.

· Root and soil benefits: Extensive shallow root system — helpful in soil-binding, erosion control, stabilization, especially in degraded or sloped lands.¹⁰

Indian Local Names:

(Sanskrit) Barhapuspha, Bhandi, Kalinga; (Tamil) Vagie, Karuvagei; (English) Tibet lebbeck, singer tree, shack-shack Parrot tree, East Indian walnut, Fry wood, women’s tongue tree, Rattle pod; (Marathi) Chichola, Kalashiras; (Telugu) Dirisena; (Urdu) Darash; (Gujrati) Pilosarashio, (Kannada) Bage mara; (Punjabi) Sareehn/Sarin, Shrin; (Thai)Khago, Ka se; (Spanish) Acacia amarilla, cabellos de ´angel; (Bengali) Siris, Sirish, and Sirisha; (Hindi)Siris and Sirisha; (Japenese) Tekik.^11,12

Synonyms:

· Kapitana, Mandila, Shukapirya or Shukapushpa, Mrudupushpa, Bhandira, Shukataru, Bhandila.⁵⁹

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS:

Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth., is a widely distributed medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine for treating respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, neurological, and inflammatory disorders, and many. Albizzia lebbeck contains diverse bioactive phytoconstituents¹²A. lebbeck, including

· Alkaloids (e.g., lebbeck amine, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol, Albigenic, Albigenin, Albizzin, Lebbeckanin, Lebbekannin-D, F, G and H, tryptamine derivatives, Macrocyclic alkaloids (Budmunchiamines 1-3, L4, L5, L6), and N-dimethyl budmunchiamine.)^12,13

· Flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, geraldone, isookanin, Flavone, 3’,5-dihydroxy-4’,7-dimethoxyflavone, Melanoxetin, Okanin, and Leucopelangonidin.)^4,13,14

· Tannins (e.g. D-catechin, Melacacidin, Leuco-anthra-cyanidin, and Lebbecacidin.)¹³

· Saponins (e.g., oleanane-type saponins, lebbeckanin I and II, albizzia saponins, sapogenin, Hexaglycosylated saponins, Albiziasaponins A, B, and C, Albizziahexoside, Echinocystic acid and Acacic acid lactone 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside and its derivatives.)^11,12,13,15

· Glycoside (e.g. Acacic acid lactone 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside], Anthraquinone glycosides, Albizziahexoside)^8,12

· Phenolic compounds (e.g., gallic acid, myricetin, caffeic acid)

· Terpenoids and phytosterols (e.g., albiginic acid, phytosterol, triterpenoids, Friedelin, Friedelan-3-one, β-Sitosterol, Betulinic acid and its glycosides, Lupenone, and Lupeol.)¹³

· Steroids/Fats(e.g. Sterols, Methyl sterols, Triterpene alcohol, Tocopherol, Hydrocarbons, Carotenoids, Cycloeucalenol, 24-ethylphenol, and Cycloartenol.)¹³

· Fatty Acid Esters (e.g. Tricosanyloctadec-9-en-1-oate, Pentacosanyloctadec-9-en-1-oate)

· Fatty acids (e.g. palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic)¹⁵

· Amino Acids (e.g. Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine)¹³

· Other constituents/organic compounds: tannins, glycosides, anthraquinones, carotenoids, proteins, and essential oils, D-pinitol, Benzyl acetate, Benzyl benzoate, Crocetin, Crocetin Lebbekannin derivatives)

· Proteins And Nutrients (e.g. Protein, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Niacin, glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, etc)¹³

· Minerals (e.g. Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, etc.)⁵⁹

These bioactive compounds have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, antiallergic, antidiarrheal, and immunomodulatory effects in various in vitro and in vivo models, supporting the plant’s traditional uses and highlighting its potential for drug discovery and therapeutic development.^12-15

Traditional Medicinal Uses:

Albizzia lebbeck (A. lebbeck) is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic uses, and these claims are supported by multiple research papers. Plant based crude drugs are very effective in modern pharmacy.¹⁶ The bark, leaves, and seeds are traditionally used for ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, arthritis, allergies, sinusitis, toothache, skin disorders, night blindness, cataracts, leprosy, tuberculosis, scabies, and more.¹² A. lebbeck bark exhibits antipoisonous, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimalarial, antitumor, and anti-fertility activities. Leaves possess anticonvulsive, nootropic, antimicrobial, and antiulcer properties, and are often used as decoctions for bronchial asthma and allergic disorders.⁷ Seed extracts have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in animal models.^12,17 A. lebbeck bark show potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, with in-vivo studies indicating improved motor functions and antioxidant defence in Parkinson’s models. The plant is also reported to have nootropic and neuroprotective effects, supporting its traditional use in cognitive disorders.^12,18 Bark extracts are used topically as detergents and for wound healing, teeth, and gum strengthening. Leaves are reported to enhance eyesight and act as detergents, while seeds also serve as wound healers and detergents. The plant is further recognized as an astringent, pectoral, rejuvenation agent, and tonic, with common uses as an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, blood purifier, and diuretic.^12,13

Pharmacological Actions and Its Mechanism Pathways:

1. Anti-inflammatory activity:

(G. Meshram et al.) proposed that Albizzia lebbeck leaf aqueous and ethanolic extracts inhibits oedema and granuloma formation, shows significant, dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects in animal models.⁴ compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins prevent the formation of inflammatory mediators. The leaves, bark, and flowers have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects.¹⁵ (DS Shirode et al.) studied the ability of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Albizzia lebbeck at a dose of 200mg/kg after 6 hours. According to the author the activity is shown due to inhibition of key inflammatory mediators. Flavonoids present in the extract also play a crucial role by directly modulating prostaglandin pathways and exhibiting antioxidant effects, which further diminish inflammatory responses and polyphenolic constituents such as tannins and steroids, which collectively suppress the release of histamine, serotonin, and other inflammatory mediators. This makes Albizzia lebbeck a valuable herbal remedy for inflammatory conditions, supporting its traditional use in treating respiratory and allergic disorders.¹⁹

Possible Mechanism of Actions:

1. Suppression of histamine signaling - Mast cell stabilization, inhibition of H1receptor, and suppression of histidine decarboxylase gene transcription.⁴

2. Albizzia lebbeck may have a corticotropic action, increasing plasma cortisol levels, which antagonizes nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB), a key mediator in inflammation.⁴

3. Inhibition of the release of kinins and prostaglandins that are involved in later phase of inflammation. The suppression of the T helper 1 (Th-1) T-lymphocyte pathway, which releases inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma.⁴

2. Analgesic activity:

Albizzia lebbeck has notable pain‑relieving (anti‑nociceptive) Alkaloids have been proven to have potent analgesic effects^. (G. Meshram et al.) said that Albizzia lebbeck aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts show clear central analgesic activity at 200mg/kg in rats likely mediated via enhancement of GABA and serotonin pathways rather than opioid receptors, and probably driven by flavonoids (e.g., kaempferol and quercetin glycosides3', 5‑dihydroxy‑4',7‑dimethoxy flavone) and saponins (Albigenic‑acid).⁴ (Achinto Saha et al.) (Divya Kajaria et al.)Leaf and bark extracts and volatile oils of Albizzia lebbeck shows both peripheral and central analgesic activity, likely via COX/prostaglandin inhibition plus central modulation of pain pathways.^20,21

Possible Mechanism of actions:

1. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (peripheral) and Cyclooxygenase (COX) inflammatory mediators showed reduction in acetic acid induced writhing.^20,22

2. Central neurotransmitter modulation- A. lebbeck leaf extracts suggests involvement of GABAergic and serotonergic pathways based on reversal by GABA_A and serotonin antagonists and lack of effect of naloxone (indicating a non‑opioid mechanism) in thermal pain tests.^4,20

3. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity:

(Eid and Sokkar) and (Patel et al.) Albizia lebbeck exhibits significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities by modulating oxidative stress pathways and enhancing the body's natural defence systems, primarily due to its polyphenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids) and saponin content found in the bark and pericarp extracts^.23,24 The antioxidant potential of Albizia lebbeck seed extract due presence of saponins and alkaloids exerts through free radical scavenging.²⁵ (Ds et al.) demonstrates that 70% ethanolic extract at 200mg/kg possesses non-nutritive antioxidant²⁶ and hepatoprotective activity due to tannins and flavonoids and this may be due to prevention of formation of trichloromethyl peroxy free radical when upon CCl₄administration²⁷. According to the study of (D Shirode et al.) the hepatoprotective effect of the 70% ethanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck leaves at 100 and 200mg/kg dose against paracetamol-induced liver damage has been shown to reduce elevated levels of liver enzymes such as SGPT, SGOT, and ALP. The extract also decreases lipid peroxidation and increases tissue glutathione (GSH) levels showing strong antioxidant activity.²⁸

1. Antioxidant activity - by modulating oxidative stress pathways increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and other endogenous antioxidants, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and protecting hepatocytes from oxidative injury.²³ The extract acts as a reducing agent and free radical scavenger, directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and hydroxyl (- OH) radicals.²⁴

2. Neutralization or inhibition of toxic metabolites thereby averting cellular damage.²⁸

3. Free radical scavenging: The plant extract when incorporated in ZnO nanoparticles enhances DPPH activity due to constituents like phenolics, amines, etc.^29,30 using herbal extracts in nanoparticles will increase its potential for treating various diseases.³¹

4. Antimicrobial activity:

(HN Venkatesh et al.) and (Rajini et al.) According to the researcher Albizzia lebbeck methanolic bark and leaf extracts shows broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. So, they may be useful in managing respiratory, pathological, infective diseases. Tannins/ phenols are most active constituents which show antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes and alkaloids active against S. pneumoniae. Fractions of the methanolic bark extract showed that terpenes, glycosides, saponins also show some antibacterial activity.^32,33 Gram‑positive bacteria (especially Streptococcus faecalis) were more susceptible than Gram‑negatives like E. coli and P. aeruginosa^.33A. lebbeck petroleum ether extract of seeds exhibited maximum activity against Escherichia coli and minimum activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and ethyl extract showed low activity.²⁵Mistletoe extracts from A. lebbeck were found to have higher concentrations of certain phytochemicals (like phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids) and showed stronger antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to the own leaves. It also shows antifungal and antibacterial activity against wide range of pathogens Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysforum.³⁴

Possible Mechanism of actions:

1. Disruption of cell membrane: The phytoconstituents can disorganize and disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.³⁵

2. Accumulation and Cytoplasmic Damage: Disruption of the membrane increases its permeability, causes leakage of proteins and enzymes, the extracts accumulate in the cytoplasm, leading to cell disruption.³⁵

3. Induction of oxidative stress.³⁵

4. Terpenoids like constituents Interfere with microbial respiration.³⁴

5. Generate reactive oxygen species, leading to microbial cell damage.³⁴

5. Anxiolytic and Nootropic activity:

Albizzia lebbeck leaves contain both saponins and the flavonoid luteolin, which have been studied separately for cognitive, anxiety-related, and neuroprotective actions. (Vongthip et al.) (H.D. Une et al.) they researched that the saponin-rich fractions and flavonoid rich butanol-fraction from Albizzia lebbeck leaves show clear nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects in scopolamine and baclofen induced amnesia in rodents, improving memory retention at 10-25mg/kg and reducing anxiety-like behaviour at 25-50mg/kg.^36,37

Possible mechanism of actions:

1. GABAergic modulation: GABA_B antagonism/ reduced GABAergic tone/reduced GABAergic-mediated inhibition possible facilitation of cholinergic function.³⁸

2. Neurotransmitter balance: Saponins influence GABA, dopamine, and serotonin levels, contributing to anxiolytic and cognitive effects.³⁷

3. No motor impairment: do not affect motor coordination, indicating selective anxiolytic action without sedation.³⁷

4. Neuroprotective activity mediated by flavonoids and carotenoids through ER stress suppression, apoptosis inhibition, and antioxidant enzyme activation.³⁶

5. Cholinergic enhancement: A. lebbeck flavonoids are known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Inhibition of AChE raises acetylcholine availability in the hippocampus.¹²

6. Synergistic phytochemical matrix – The combined presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic glycosides may act together to modulate intracellular signaling cascades (e.g., cAMP/PKA, MAPK/ERK), promote neurotrophic factor expression (BDNF).¹²

6. Anticonvulsant activity:

(Balkrishna et al.) Anticonvulsant activity has been reported for n‑butanol saponin fraction from the pericarp and dried leaves of Albizia lebbeck.¹¹The activity is mainly through extracts from its leaves and their bioactive components. These active fractions elevate levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin in brain.¹²

Possible mechanism of actions:

1. Modulation of Other Neurotransmitters: the saponins may decrease dopamine concentrations while increasing serotonin levels in the brain. This modulation of neurotransmitters is a common target for antiepileptic agents.¹²

2. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects: secondary metabolites like flavonoids and phenolics reduce oxidative stress and inhibit glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by activating cellular antioxidant enzymes, which is a neuroprotective action.¹²

3. GABAergic Modulation: Enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission increase the brain concentrations of both GABA and serotonin.¹²

7. Anti-diarrhoeal activity:

(D. Shirode et el.) (A. Gilani et el.) (Besra et al.) Researched that Albizzia lebbeck plant shows antidiarrheal activity in rodents in the 70% ethanolic extract of the leaves³⁹; hydroalcoholic extract of the pericarp⁴⁰; aqueous methanol seed extract⁴¹ at100 and 200mg/kg; 100-300mg/kg and 5-25mg/kg in castor oil induced diarrhoea. According to them the effect may be due to constituents like tannins and flavonoids. The extract significantly delayed intestinal transit, as well as intraluminal fluid accumulation in the intestine, inhibited normal defecation in mice, indicating reduced peristalsis conforming that A. lebbeck also has antispasmodic activity. Based on such studies researchers confirmed the anti-diarrhoeal of Albizzia lebbeck.

Possible mechanism of action:

1. Inhibition of [PGE₂] prostaglandin synthesis or release, which is known to contribute to intestinal permeability and motility.³⁹

2. Affects water and electrolytes secretion in the gut.⁴¹

3. The antidiarrheal effect was somewhat reversed by naloxone (opioid antagonist) so it may be involved in the opioid system in mechanism.⁴¹

8. Antifertility, antispermatogenic, and antiandrogenic activity:

Albizzia lebbeck is a traditional medicinal plant which contains multiple phytochemicals according to (Mwangengwa et al.) in plant extracts; like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols, many with known antifertility and antispermatogenic actions. Studies showed that the stem bark and pod extracts of A. lebbeck caused significant reductions in normal sperm morphology and increases in multiple head/tail defects, reduced sperm counts, motility, and testicular structural distortion and lower male fertility success rates indicating spermicidal/ antispermatogenic action and antifertility action in males.⁴² And decline in germ cell populations, including preleptotene, pachytene, secondary spermatocytes, and step-19 spermatids; Sertoli cell ,Leydig cell numbers and surface area⁴³And in females A. lebbeck stem bark extract (2% w/w) sharply reduced pregnancy rates, fetal implantations, and litter size, with antifertility rates.⁴⁴(Chaudhary et al.) researched that the pod extracts of the plant contains triterpenoids (vitalboside‑A, lupeol, acacic acid lactone) which showed changes in testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate weights, and decreased sperm motility and density.⁴⁵In both male and female A. lebbeck showed 100% loss of fertility.

Possible mechanism of action:

1. In females: marked increase in degenerating (atretic) follicles and loss of corpora lutea of pregnancy, indicating suppressed ovulation and conception.⁴⁴

2. Saponins, phytoestrogens and other plant steroids mimic estrogens and disrupt normal reproductive processes.⁴²

3. Endocrine disruption: Significant fall in serum testosterone, consistent with reduced androgen support for testes and accessory glands.⁴⁵

4. Direct testicular toxicity: Inhibit ATP generation in spermatozoa by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, leading to immotile sperm.⁴⁵

5. Decreased testicular protein, glycogen, sialic acid and cholesterol, and seminal vesicle fructose, indicating impaired germ cell metabolism and accessory gland function.⁴⁵

6. Inhibition of testosterone synthesis in testes.⁴³

9. Antiasthamatic activity:

Albizzia lebbeck is traditionally used for asthma and bronchitis. Albizzia lebbeck bark, flower decoctions and hydroalcoholic pericarp extract shows clear bronchodilatory and antispasmodic actions in experimental models given by (A. Gilani et al.) (R. M. Tripathi et al.). A. lebbeck bark extract contains saponins (lebbeckanin A/B, albiziasaponins A–C) which shows mast‑cell degranulation inhibition, depression of cell‑mediated immunity, and disodium‑cromoglycate–like action, protecting against histamine‑induced bronchospasm; and tannin Lebbecacidin that has expectorant action⁴⁶ in histamine and acetylcholine induced bronchospasm. Which explains the antiasthamatic activity.

Possible mechanism of action:

1. Inhibits antigen‑induced sensitization: bark reduced antigen‑triggered mast‑cell disruption suggesting inhibition of sensitization.⁴⁷

2. The bark caused vasoconstriction and sensitized vessels to adrenaline, so bronchial protection “may have something to do with the adrenergic receptors^.47

3. Exert cromoglycate‑like mast‑cell stabilization and immunomodulation.⁴⁰

4. Bronchodilation: Opening non‑specific K⁺ channels (K⁺‑channel opener) K⁺‑channel opening hyperpolarizes airway smooth muscle, lowering Ca²⁺ entry and causing relaxation.⁴⁰

5. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition → ↑cAMP: PDE inhibition prevents cAMP breakdown, enhancing β₂‑agonist–mediated bronchodilation.⁴⁰

10. Anti-diabetic activity:

Albizzia lebbeck is a promising multi‑target antidiabetic plant. (Balkrishna et al.) (Ahmed et al.) Studies showed that methanolic and aqueous - bark extract showed reduced blood glucose, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL/VLDL and increased HDL¹²; improved glucose tolerance in normoglycemic, glucose‑loaded and STZ(Streptozocin)‑diabetic rats^12,48. And leaf extracts at 100-300mg/kg also reduced blood glucose in diabetic and even normoglycemic rats⁴⁹. (Azam et al.) researched that seed extracts increased cellular glucose uptake and inhibited α‑amylase; also, anti‑lipidemic effects in vitro. The non protein seed extract strongly inhibited porcine pancreatic α‑amylase⁵⁰ and protein seed extract inhibited α‑amylase and α‑glucosidase.⁵¹ And these effects may be mostly due to flavonoids (geraldone, luteolin, isookanin), peptides from bark, leaves, seeds. Albizia lebbeck as a promising multi‑target antidiabetic candidate acting via enzyme inhibition, enhanced glucose uptake, lipid modulation, antioxidant and antiglycation effects, and possibly mast‑cell/inflammatory pathways

Possible mechanism of action:

1. Inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes (α‑amylase, α‑glucosidase): Flavonoids inhibit α‑glucosidase and α‑amylase and may reduce post‑prandial hyperglycaemia primarily via enzyme inhibition like acarbose.^11,29,60

2. Enzyme inhibition – Binding of phytochemicals (e.g., phenolics, amines) to the active site of α‑amylase reduces starch breakdown, lowering post‑prandial glucose rise.³⁰

3. Increased cellular glucose uptake: The methanolic seed extracts significantly enhanced glucose uptake, coupled with α‑amylase inhibition and modulation of lipid synthesis genes.⁴⁹Gene synthesized A. lebbeck into ZnO nanoparticles were also effective in increasing glucose uptake in yeast cells.^29,30

4. Albizzia‑mediated ZnO‑NPs act via dual pathways: slowing carbohydrate digestion and facilitating cellular glucose utilization.³⁰

5. Improvement of lipid profile: lowered total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL/VLDL and raised HDL.¹²

6. Improvement of insulin resistance related parameters: reduced cellular cholesterol and altered expression of lipid‑synthesis genes in HepG2 cells, suggesting anti‑lipidemic, insulin‑sensitizing mechanisms.¹²

7. Mast cell stabilization: Methanolic bark extract is a strong mast cell stabilizer, as antidiabetic activity is linked to mast cell mediated modulation of inflammatory pathways.¹²

11. Anti-ulcer activity:

(D. Shirode et. al.) 70% ethanolic extract of the leaves (EELAL) of Albizzia lebbeck reduced ulcers in indomethacin-induced, ethanol-induced, and pylorus-ligation–induced gastric ulcers at 100-200mg/kg. The anti-ulcer property may be due to polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins in the extract.⁵³

Possible mechanism of action:

1. Reduction of acid secretion/buffering of gastric contents: the extract decreased gastric volume and increased pH from 2.3 to 5.15 suggesting antisecretory or acid-neutralizing actions.

2. Protection against multiple ulcerogenic pathways: Showed gastroprotection against ethanol, indomethacin, and pylorus ligation induced ulcers.

3. Enhancement of mucosal defences: The extract increased gastric mucin content and reduced the activity of pepsin and prevent mucolysis.

4. Possible modulation of eicosanoids (prostaglandins/leukotrienes) by inhibiting its synthesis.⁵³

12. Antidepressant activity:

(Malarkodi et al) Researchers found that ethanolic leaves extract of A. lebbeck showed significant decrease in the duration of immobility in both the Forced Swim Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) in a dose-dependent manner.⁵⁴

Possible mechanism of action:

1. Monoaminergic pathway: Antidepressants typically work by increasing the synaptic concentration of cerebral monoaminergic transmitters such as serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and/or dopamine (DA).⁵⁴

Other Pharmacological activity:

Albizzia lebbeck has been also studied for many other pharmacological activities like diuretic- action by inhibition of Na+-K+-Cl- co-transporter increases urine volume and electrolyte excretion⁵⁵; antianaphylaxis- action by mast cell stabilization, inhibition of histamine H1 receptor and HDC gene expression, suppression of Th2 cytokines⁵⁶; antiallergic(Conjunctivitis, Eczema, Pulmonary Eosinophilia)- action by mast cell stabilization, inhibition of degranulation, reduction of eosinophil infiltration⁵⁷. Antiparkinsonic and Antimalarial activities.¹⁵ These effects are supported by multiple research studies.

CONCLUSION:

Albizzia lebbeck stands out as a versatile medicinal plant whose traditional reputation is strongly supported by modern pharmacology. Its rich phytochemical profile—including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids—underlies a wide array of therapeutic actions. Its anti‑inflammatory effects arise from histamine suppression, COX inhibition, while analgesic activity involves both peripheral prostaglandin blockade and central GABA/serotonin modulation. Powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties stem from polyphenolic free‑radical scavenging and glutathione restoration. Broad‑spectrum antimicrobial activity is mediated by membrane disruption and oxidative stress induction. The plant also exhibits anxiolytic and nootropic, anticonvulsant antidiarrheal action by prostaglandin inhibition. Respiratory relief is provided by mast‑cell stabilization, bronchodilation, and PDE inhibition, antidiabetic, anti‑ulcer, antifertility, antianaphylatic, diuretic, antiparkinsonic and antiallergic effects further expand its therapeutic scope. Together, these validated activities confirm Albizzia lebbeck as a valuable source for drug discovery and a promising adjunct in contemporary healthcare.

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Received on 22.01.2026 Revised on 26.02.2026

Accepted on 28.03.2026 Published on 04.07.2026

Available online from July 18, 2026

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2026; 16(3):307-316.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2026.00043

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Activity	Mechanism of Action	Key Phytoconstituents	Citations
Anti-inflammatory	Inhibits histamine/serotonin, COX products, fibroblast proliferation, cytokines, prostaglandins, Suppression of histidine DNA transcription, Th-1 T lymphocyte pathway.	Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides	4,25
Analgesics	Central mechanisms involve modulation of GABAergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, while peripheral anti-nociceptive effects may involve inhibition of pain mediators like PG and COX	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic glycosides, tannins and flavonols	4,20,21
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity	Inhibition of toxic metabolites, restoration of glutathione GSH, reduction of lipid peroxidation, Normalization of liver enzymes, Histological repair of liver tissue	Polyphenolic compounds-tannins, flavonoids, saponins	28
Antimicrobial /Antibacterial activity	Disruption of cell membrane, cytoplasmic damage, induction of oxidative stress	Glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, anthraquinones, amino acids and other phenolics	35
Anxiolytic and Nootropic activity	Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, GABAergic modulation	Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic glycosides, carotenoids	12,38
Anticonvulsant activity	GABAergic modulation and modulation of other NT, Neuroprotection and antioxidant effects	Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics	12
Antidiarrheal activity	Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, decreases water and electrolytes secretion	Polyphenols-Tannins and flavonoids	39
Antifertility	Disrupt normal reproductive processes, exert spermicidal and testicular toxic effects hence reduce fertility	Saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and phytoestrogens	42
Antiasthamatic activity	Inhibits antigen‑induced sensitization, vasodilation, bronchodilation, mast cell stabilization, photodiesterase inhibition	Saponins, tannins	40,47
Antidiabetic activity	Inhibition of α‑amylase, α‑glucosidase, increase in cellular glucose uptake, improvement in lipid profile and insulin resistance.	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and glycosides, and peptides	12,30,49
Antiulcer activity	Reduction of gastric acid secretion, increasing gastric pH, enhancing mucosal protection.	Flavonoids and tannins	53